Earth science explores the intricate physical, chemical, and biological interactions among the biosphere, hydrosphere (including the cryosphere), atmosphere, and geosphere. Central to this is the carbon cycle, which we examine to understand the fluxes of carbon across these systems and their role in driving climate change. To assess long-term environmental variability, we analyze natural archives, such as peat deposits, marine and lake sediments, and ice cores, which preserve signals of past climate conditions. These records provide critical insights into the impacts of climate change on terrestrial ecosystems and Southern Ocean productivity. By studying these dynamics, we deepen our understanding of the processes that drive climate variability in the South Atlantic region and its broader influence on global climate systems.

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